From the 100 Facts for 100 years of Machu Picchu- Fact #4

By Catharine Hamm Los Angeles Times Travel Editor

4. The Inca used khipu (spelled "quipu" in Spanish), a series of knots that functioned as a sort of counting system.

 The Khipu was first used by the Huari people who flourished in the southern and central region of Peru from 500 - 1000 AD.  Many of the Huari practices were later adapted by the Incas and incorporated into their society including the use of the Khipu, terracing the mountain side for agricultural purposes as seen at in the Sacred Valley and Machu Picchu as well as the use labor as a tribute to the state.

From the 100 Facts for 100 years of Machu Picchu- Fact #3

By Catharine Hamm Los Angeles Times Travel Editor

3. About half the population of Peru is Quechua, a South American Indian group. The group's native tongue is also called Quechua. A dialect of that language was spoken by the Incas.

 Quechua is the second official language of Peru.  It is the pre-Spanish language of the Andes, it was spoken by native people of Peru prior to the Incas, however use of the language was spread to other regions during the time of the Incan Empire.  Today Quechua is spoken in Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Chile, Argentina and Colombia.

The name Machu Picchu in Quechua translates to Machu old man and Pikchu peak and the name Cusco translates to navel as in the center of the world.

From the 100 Facts for 100 years of Machu Picchu- Fact #2

From article By Catharine Hamm Los Angeles Times Travel editor
 
2. Peru shares borders with five countries: Ecuador, Brazil, Bolivia, Chile and Colombia.

Prior to the arrival of the Spanish the Incan Kingdom spanned from northern Chile and Argentina to the South, to Ecuador in the North and encompassed both Peru and Bolivia.

When the Spanish conquered the Incas they established the Vice Royalty of Peru which at its peak administered most of South America (with the exception of the Portuguese expansion of Brazil and part of Colombia).

The vice-royalty required all shipments to pass through the port of Callao to and from overseas markets. As a result the economy in Lima thrived and the population boomed from an estimated 25,000 people in 1619 to 80,000 in 1687.

From the 100 Facts for 100 years of Machu Picchu

From article By Catharine Hamm Los Angeles Times Travel editor

1. At 496,218 square miles, Peru, in western South America , is about the size of three Californias. California, however, has about 8 million more residents than Peru. 

There are 29.5 million people living in Peru, the majority (9 million) live in the capital of Lima.  Like California Peru is located on the Pacific Ring of Fire that extends from Southern Chile along the west coasts of South, Central and North America and down the east coast of Asia including Japan, the Philippines and New Zea land.

Chan Chan

Prior to the Incas the Chimu Culture lived in the fertile valley area near modern day Trujillo in northern Peru. Descendants of the great Moche Culture who built the great Pyramids of Sol y Luna the Chumu Culture had some similarities to the Moche and some distinct differences in the way they lived. Like the Moche the Chimu lived off the fruit of the sea, they used adobe as their main construction material, they decorated their construction and their ceramics with paintings done in yellows, reds, blacks and whites.

However unlike the Moche's the Chamu did not build enormous pyramids with the city between them – the Chimu built Chan Chan. At 7.7 square miles Chan Chan was the largest pre-Columbian city in the Americas. The city was built with a triangular shaped walled city with the outside protective walls stretching 50 – 60 feet in to the air. It was comprised of 10 walled citadels which housed palaces, burial chambers, temples, boulevards, ceremonial plazas and springs were dug and reservoirs created so that they would have fresh water. The exterior walls made the city so impregnable that even after a lengthy 10 year war, the only way the Inca's were capable of conquering the city was to finally cut off water supply by breaking the aqueduct system that had been built to provide water to the farms and city.

The Chimu so hated the Incas that when the Spanish arrived they welcomed them with open arms. Francisco Pizzaro and Diego de Almagro established the neighboring city of Trujillo named after Pizzaro's home in Spain. The Chimu quickly abandoned Chan Chan and the once great city laid in waste to the environment. Winds and rain during years of el nino would deteriorate the city's walls and the colorful murals. For hundred of years there it sat until in 1969 a Harvard mission headed by Michael E. Moseley came to study Chan Chan. 

Today mapping of the site is incomplete and archaeological exploration has only just begun. A restoration effort is underway reconstructing much of the city to look as it did during the time of the Chimu. Visiting Chan Chan is one of the highlights in the northern kingdoms of Peru.  Currently only the Tschudi Palace is open to visitors. However as you enter the site you can see the once great city has been cut in half by the Pan-American highway only to imagine how awe inspiring it must have been.

Trujillo Peru

Located in northwestern Peru is the historic city of Trujillo, the third largest city in Peru after Lima and Arequipa. Trujillo is known as “the city of eternal spring” due to its near perfect weather year round – with sunny skies and 70 degree temperatures. It may be this ideal climate that has attracted so many people throughout history to the area.

The modern city of Trujillo was founded by conquistador Diego de Almagro in 1534. Yet the area had been occupied by indigenous people for a thousand years. Trujillo has twice served as capital of Peru and was the birthplace of the Peruvian Justice System.

A visit to Trujillo offers you a chance to visit beautiful beaches, see the renowned culture, and visit historic sites like the Moche's Temple of the Sol y Luna (Sun and Moon), the Chavin's adobe city of Chan Chan and the walled city center from the Spanish Colonial Period. Trujillo is an diverse destination and it's friendly people make it a wonderful place to spend a night or two while visiting Peru's Kingdom's of the North.

Temples of Sol y Luna - Trujillo

Peru is home to a number of fascinating archaeological sites, Machu Picchu is the most famous. Peru has been home to numerous cultures for thousands of years and due to its dry coastal climate many ancient treasures, like the Nazca Lines, which would have disappeared in other locations the climate preserved allowing visitors a glimpse into the past and these early culture's magnificent works of art.

One of the lesser known sites is a short 15 minutes drive south of Trujillo - a colonial city located on the north coast of Peru. The Temples of the Sun and Moon (Sol y Luna) are located in a valley along the Moche River, these adobe pyramids were built by the Moche approximately 1500 years ago. The Temple of the Moon is the smaller of the two temples and is located in front of Cerro Blanco in a North-South Orientation and served as the religious center for the city. While the Temple of the Sun is the newer and larger of the two temples has an east-west orientation, is located in front of Cerro Negro and served as the administration center. The two Huacas are separated by a valley approximately 500 square meters wide that served as the Moche Capital City.

Restoration of the Temple of the Moon began in 1991 and the site was opened to visitors in 1995, while restoration of the Temple of the Sun is scheduled to begin in 2011. Visiting the sites includes a visit to the museum located near the entrance of the Temple of the Moon. The University of Trujillo Museum has an excellent collection of artifacts collected from the site as well as several multimedia presentations of the Moches including their art, architecture and religion.

Thanks to the Moches belief system, the Temple de Luna is one of the most interesting archeological visits in the Americas. The Moches built the pyramids in levels. Each approximately 100 years they would build a new pyramid completely encompassing the old pyramid. To do so they would fill the old structure will adobe bricks and then plaster over the bricks to seal off the old and make way for the new. As a result when archaeologist began studying the site some 20 years ago, they began peeling back layers and uncovering the original art work of the Moches, tombs, ceramics, and other ornaments. Their work has been solely to discover and preserve the site for the future – there has been no restoration or “reinterpretation” of the pyramid as is seen at many of the other archaeological sites.

Development of the site - the two pyramids and the city in between has been done completely with private funding from individuals, foundations, the university and companies. Much of the work is done by students both locally and from aboard. The Temple of the Moon is a fascinating site well worth the visit and we can only believe that once work begins on the Temple of the Sun and the wonders of that site are made available to the public, that it will become one of the most popular destinations in Peru.